Australian state police did not prepare a threat assessment for the event where the Bondi Beach mass shooting occurred and denied a request from the Jewish community to station officers there, an inquiry into the attack heard on Monday.
The comments came during public hearings in the wide-ranging inquiry known as a Royal Commission that focuses on events prior to last December's Bondi attack, which killed 15 attending a Jewish Hanukkah celebration at the famed Sydney beach.
A New South Wales police officer said no threat assessment was prepared for the event, but agreed in hindsight that one would have been appropriate.
"I see no reason why a threat assessment could not be completed for that event," said Assistant Commissioner Leanne McCusker, adding that such an exercise would have enabled security arrangements that matched the threat level.
Threat assessments are generally limited to gatherings classed as major events, including Jewish high holy days, but not Hanukkah.
The inquiry also heard that state police were warned of the risks by CSG, a Jewish private security service group, before the attack.
CSG gave them its own threat assessment, warning of a heightened risk of violent or antisemitic incidents at Hanukkah, the inquiry heard.
This stemmed from "the anticipated visibility of identifiably Jewish individuals in public spaces and the prominence of the festival," such as the Bondi event, the inquiry heard.
An anonymous CSG member said he requested "static" police officers at the event in view of the risk, the numbers expected to attend, and the fact that it was to be held in the open air, where CSG could not carry arms.
But police did not believe they were required, he added.
"I said that there would be a lot of unease from the community not having a static police presence on the ground."
Terror threat level raised
The inquiry was also told that antisemitism in Australia was left unchecked after the outbreak of the Israel-Gaza war, which fueled violence against Jewish people and led the spy agency to raise the national terrorism threat level to "probable" from "possible" in August 2024.
"The war in the Middle East invoked a range of emotions in Australia," said Mike Burgess, director-general of the Australian Security Intelligence Organization.
"Some of those violent aspects... and those behaviors, including antisemitism that, in our view, were left unchecked, were therefore normalized and gave more permission for violence... and Jewish Australians were on the receiving end."
From late 2024, Burgess said, antisemitism also escalated from threats and intimidation to direct targeting of people, businesses, and places of worship.
Such incidents included vandalism and arson targeting homes, schools, synagogues, and vehicles before the Bondi attack.
IRGC behind Australia antisemitic attacks
Burgess said the agency concluded that Iran's elite Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps was behind two antisemitic attacks, on a kosher restaurant in Sydney and Melbourne's Adass Israel Synagogue.
Iran was probably involved in more attacks, but the agency "just can't quite get there" in its efforts to nail down responsibility, he added.
"There was absolutely a concern that the antisemitism could escalate to actual terrorist acts" after the outbreak of the Gaza war in October 2023, said Stephen Nutt, an assistant commissioner of the Australian Federal Police.
The commission's first series of hearings earlier this month focused on the nature and prevalence of antisemitism, taking testimony from members of the Jewish community.